A diver of a special unit of the Guardia di Finanza, Italy's financial police, monitors an area where rocks have been defaced by the indiscriminate and illegal harvesting of date mussels, in the sea off the coast of Monopoli in the Puglia region, Italy on July 28, 2022. Photo: AFP
Off the rocky coast of southeastern Italy, two scuba divers from the financial crimes police bob in and out of the blue waters, under the curious gaze of vacationers.
They're seeking neither buried treasure nor smuggled contraband, but evidence of the hunt for date mussels, a forbidden mollusk-turned-status symbol whose poaching is indelibly destroying Italy's coastlines.
The signs are unmistakable.
Just below the surface, the calcareous rock that is home to countless organisms is gutted by hundreds of manmade holes - proof that unscrupulous poachers have chiseled, crushed and blasted the reef to extract the bivalves burrowed inside.
"These men put on their oxygen tanks and masks, go down... with hammer and chisel and start to break the rock," said Arcangelo Raffaele Gennari, commander of the Guardia di Finanza in Puglia's port city of Monopoli.
"There have been cases in which we've seized mini jackhammers," he told AFP during a recent visit.
"Even explosives have been used."
Fueling the trade are the soaring black-market prices for the narrow brown "Lithophaga lithophaga," said to boast a delicate oyster-like flavor, which can cost nearly 200 euros ($205) per kilogram.
Poachers supply fish markets or restaurant owners who sell under the table to high rollers - including cash-rich Mafiosi - flaunting their wealth at Sunday lunches with a raw seafood platter or extravagant spaghetti.
"If you think that in an hour and a half, two hours, if you find the right spot you manage to take out 8 or 9 kilos... you've made an exorbitant amount of money in one day," said Gennari in a statement.
'Denuded' reefs
Thirty years ago, marine biologist Stefano Piraino and colleagues discovered that more than 40 percent of Puglia's Ionian coast was extensively damaged due to date mussel harvesting.
That research led to Italy's 1998 law prohibiting their collection, sale and consumption, followed by a 2006 EU-wide ban.
Returning in 2022 to the same areas as part of a government-funded project, Piraino has so far found fewer sites showing recent damage but has little hope for reefs already destroyed.
Time alone does not heal the "all white, denuded" rock surface devoid of life, he said: "It's a devastating impact."
Date mussels' painfully slow growth cycle - taking three decades to grow just five centimeters - means that once taken, they're not soon replaced.
But more critical is the impact on the delicate marine ecosystem, where not only the reef but all the organisms dependent on it are destroyed.
A 2019 study by Naples' Parthenope University found an average of 1,500 manmade holes per square meter in the reefs of the southwestern Sorrento Peninsula, damage that ultimately causes the rock to collapse entirely and harm the seabed below.
Researchers are examining ways to help reefs recover, including removing sea urchins, whose grazing prevents new vegetation from growing on rocks, or planting seedlings of tiny organisms in hopes they will propagate.
But the problem goes beyond Italy, warned Piraino, who called for more education and enforcement throughout the Mediterranean.
A search of TripAdvisor.com found date mussels mentioned by reviewers or shown in photographs as recently as 2021 in restaurants in Albania, Slovenia and Montenegro, where they are illegal but more easily found.
Environmental disaster
In March, environmental groups hailed a six-year prison sentence for the head of a criminal ring operating in protected areas near Naples and the island of Capri - the first-ever conviction for the crime of "environmental disaster" related to date mussels.
"Attacking the ecosystem isn't like selling drugs," said Mariagiorgia de Gennaro, lawyer for maritime nonprofit Marevivo, a party to the case.
"It's a domino effect that has an irreversible impact."
Authorities are increasingly clamping down on every part of the chain, from fishermen to restauranteurs and even consumers.
In 2021, Puglia seized 97 tons of illegal seafood, including date mussels, the most in Italy, according to environmental group Legambiente.
Most illegal fishing offenses occur in Sicily, Puglia and Campania.
In July, a video went viral of a man on a beach near Naples hammering a rock to extract the mollusks in full view of sunbathers.
More commonly, perpetrators - usually a diver, helper and lookout - operate at dusk or just before dawn.
"It's a niche market operating in the ultimate secrecy," police commander Gennari said in a statement.
But authorities cannot win the battle as long as there remains a willing market from consumers.
"When you eat a plate of linguini with date mussels, a whole square meter of ecosystem has been destroyed," Piraino said.
