各位…….. 各位来宾, 大家好…
我很荣幸来到贵阳为国际山地旅游联盟年会，根据此次年会的主题，我将会做一个关于科技主题的演讲。
当我们谈论山地旅游时，我们必然会讲到自然和户外运动。它们是决定性的组成部分，甚至是象征，而且也越来越受到重视。大自然是个大舞台，每个人都可以在这里自由地构造故事，发现自己，寻找自己的圣杯，达到“自己的珠穆朗玛峰”......
去年四月，69岁的中国人夏博宇靠着两条假肢，爬上了8848米高的世界屋脊。作为中国国家登山队的成员，他在1975年攀登珠穆朗玛峰时因严重冻伤而失去双脚。“攀登珠穆朗玛峰是我的梦想，我必须实现这个梦想。它也代表着个人对命运的挑战”，在经历人类和技术双重冒险之后他如是对媒体说。
今天我想和大家谈的正是这种体育旅游，或旅游体育，以及对其带来震动和升华的研究、现代智能技术、纳米技术、生物技术、计算机科学、认知科学等。
正是这种发展使得最初为专业精英保留的户外运动得到普及，并推进了人类活动的界限。它扩展了我们的想象空间，滋养了我们的科学幻想。户外运动中的人体确实是一个实验室，在这里研究成果有时超出想象。
20世纪80年代,我在阿尔卑斯山开始了作为登山向导的职业生涯。当时的我们就像最后一批以绳索为主要登山设备的印第安人。那时我们所做的决定主要基于直觉，而这种直觉只能通过艰苦的山地实践来获得。当时国家滑雪和登山学校的老师在导游培训中教我的正是这种能够倾听和理解大自然的能力，这也正是从上一辈继承而来的。
从那时起，发生了什么变化？......无数新的技术辅助工具被创造出来。制造商发明了大量的新材料、机械和设备，使得该行业减少对体力的依靠，变得更安全，不再那么与众不同，更容易被人接受.....但同时也不再那么依靠直觉。
今天，在校学生将学习如何使用卫星导航系统，如何在计算机屏幕准备、跟踪和记录攀登路线，如何利用数据和信息优化互联仪器的使用。
这使登山向导的生活变得更容易一些。过去遇到恶劣天气时，我们只能依靠大山中长大孩子凭借他们的第六感找到出路。如今只要沿着GPS屏幕上准备好的路线就可以了，可以说，它有效地取代了“动物指南针”。
在一种非常现实的方式中，我经历了这种演变。正是在这个过程中我感觉到人工智能与人类-动物之间的冲突，我想知道我们是否因为技术设备而成为“更大的人类”？或者更确切地说，如果这些设备发生故障，人类是不是会就退化了？
在我所属的登山和喜马拉雅文化中，这些发展确实促进了“特殊的正常化”。登山的人数和登顶珠穆朗玛峰的成功率就是很好的例证。
珠穆朗玛峰位于中国与尼泊尔的边界，因为最高，这座山成为极端旅游的真正象征，成为人们最渴望征服的山峰。1841年，人们对它进行了测量。1912年，人们第一次尝试攀登。1953年，实现第一次成功登顶。
35年后的1988年，和一个同伴一起，我们在绳索的帮助下，我幸运登顶。我们是第250-251成功登顶的人。当时的成功率是10％。
20年后的2010年，自第一次登顶以来，超过5000人到达山顶，成功率已上升至40％。2012年，56％的登山者获得成功。
从那时起，随着设备的不断改进，创新性更强，也越来越精密，越来越轻便（因为登山者背着所需的一切），登顶成功率开始呈指数增长。防护服甚至可以让你在冬天爬到8000米高。氧气瓶的重量轻了很多，容量更大，吸入器不再冻结。紧急情况救援设备，如高压袋，可以挽救在偏远角落遇到危险的生命。为了满足商业需求，探险组织已经变得非常专业化。顾客不再是经验丰富的登山者，他们正在以高价换回成功登顶的保证。
对广大登山者来说，准确的当地天气预报无疑是最重要的科学进步之一。千里之外的气象学家每小时都会将最合适的登山时间信息传达给山区的探险队员。每个登山者通过他的小型卫星电话获取信息，根据天气计划他的攀登。
要知道，直到20世纪90年代，所有这一切都不存在。而且，因为无法预测未来的天气，每次的攀登尝试看起来都像是一场赌博。那时，喜马拉雅山甚至不能通电话，因为一个卫星发射站重达几吨，根本无法运到山上......
因此，登山者需要借助于各种各样的技术。而体育精英，虽然出于职业和哲学原因需要尽量减少外部援助和探险组织的后勤服务，也对这些技术非常依赖。然而，技术和科学发展直接使人们在难度越来越高的体育项目上取得成就。
所有这些人，体育精英、专业人士和业余爱好者、客户......今天都出席了这次峰会。 «Exploits hunters»正在寻找最后的时机让人们留名青史，比如那些年龄比较小的或者比较老的、比较快的、第一个女性、冬季第一人、第一次单独行动、第一次滑雪或滑翔伞等。
在旅游体育的这种演变过程中，我认为关键的一步是：城市出现山峰。如今，现代技术使得人们可以创建人工自然环境，例如减压室或缺氧室，模拟低氧的高海拔效果，在生理上为人们进行山地探险和体育比赛做准备。
城市的这种设施让人们在模拟高海拔条件下骑自行车或跑步，导致身体产生红细胞生成激素（EPO）和红细胞。这是一种真正的适应。这种人工环境一方面可以帮助人们减少急性高山病的致命风险，另一方面可以改善呼吸功能和身体素质。
这样的准备工作适用于西方的登山者，也适应生活在平原地区的中国人。这样做可以缩短与高地人相比的生理劣势，特别是夏尔巴人和藏人。他们出生、生活和工作的纬度都在3至5,000米之间甚至更高。他们的病例特别有意思，因为这些人具有属于他们自己种族群体的遗传特征，科学家认为它是自然突变和选择的一个例子，就像是服用了永久性自然兴奋剂一样。
基于这种逻辑，城市户外体育设施，特别是人造攀岩墙开始激增。但这场运动不仅限于攀爬。潜水和自由跳水开始流行，海边设有专门让人练习闭气的游泳池。空中体育项目有跳伞和自由落体...我们还有水上皮划艇体育场、人工峡谷探险公园、冲浪、室内滑雪、滑板、自行车越野赛等......建筑物和道路甚至也被直接用于极限运动。整个城市成为发现和启动户外运动的广阔体育场......
除此之外，城市已经成为发明和发展活动的真正实验室，这些活动就是户外体育和旅游体育......但它确实开辟了新的视角，大大提高了技术水平，增加了从业人员的数量，鼓励创建新的学科......种类今天如此多样化和细化，以至于分类变得困难。
这些在城市和人工环境中的运动已经变成一个完全自治的市场，他们也会吸引市民练习、尝试相同的活动，但不同的是，市民却是在真正的自然环境中进行。这是一种回归。
我们如今的社会就像一个迪斯尼乐园，过度强调安全和监管，而大自然在这个社会中变得越来越有价值。我不是在说教。在这些新学科中，大自然再次成为每个用户都能开创自己故事的场景。
每个人的故事都会涉及运动相关的风险，以及自然环境中固有的的风险。因此，山地和海洋游戏的一个重要部分是通过经验、运动技能和技术设备的精心配合避免事故，尽量减少坏运气。
因此，技术进步使得今天可以在过去无法去到的地方做出过去不可能做到的姿势。我们采取最大限度的预防措施却也冒着最大的风险。
例如，在陡坡滑雪中，风险是双重的，因为滑雪者可能因故障而倒下，并且斜坡可能会崩溃甚至发生雪崩。然而，目前对雪的分析技能可以让人们在一定程度上评估坡度的稳定性。滑雪者配备了信号发射器和安全气囊。该信号发射器即使被埋在雪下也能被找到，而安全气囊可以在雪崩时候把人留在表面......
发明新工具不可避免地激发人们对人体的新构想，从而创造全新的身体配备工具。
飞行服是这些未来派练习中最好的例子之一。在这个案例中，由于运动套装空气动力学的尖端技术，装备明显改变了身体的形状和轮廓，最终让人实现了像鸟一样的自由飞翔。
人们从悬崖顶部跳下，以超过200公里/小时的速度尽可能贴近山坡飞行。这里不允许有任何动作失误。所以在低空飞行中除了高超的技术和物理技能之外，还需要做到高度的情绪控制。我遇到一些令人印象深刻的运动员，他们异常冷静，技术也非常细腻。
穿着飞行服飞行就像玩电子游戏，但这是事实而不是虚拟！而混淆两者则会赌上生命......这种疯狂的活动会产生许多意外，因为在和概率的对抗中，你不可能永远都是胜利的一方。
但是那些想要飞行并且不希望如此冒险的人也（他们代表大多数人）可以通过将他们的个人光标移动到适当的安全水平来练习翼展和自由落体......这要归功于技术方面的帮助。
这些人不是在悬崖起跳，而是在航空俱乐部。从距离地面4,000米高的皮拉图斯山（Pilatus）出发，提供了一个安全空间来消除错误动作带来的影响。飞行的体验是一样的，几个飞行者还可以排在一起形成非常紧密的形状。他们不会被岩石划伤，而是与云朵一起玩耍。云朵会因为他们的触摸变得更加蓬松。
在这里，用户可以享受数几十年来跳伞运动中开发出来的所有技术。这项运动的成长已经远远超出了它的先驱者对它的任何设想。这种增长提高了在世界各地的跳伞区建立高级安全协议的需求。包装容器系统、主要和备用降落伞以及基本安全程序都让这项运动变得更安全。
因此，该活动确保了下落的最大安全性，由此才得以在广大公众中得到普及。
这是在阿尔卑斯山脉的50秒飞行视频。这要归功于神奇的技术发展。
那么是什么促使这些旅游运动员或运动游客把控制危险成为他们冒险的主要乐趣？
我想可以这么说，充分发展的自我和追求认可的态度是体育和/或技术行为的强烈兴奋剂，它们具有极大的创造力，有时是未来主义的，有时古怪。有时有人还会给自己拍下照片或录下视频，显然是要放到网络上去的。
正是现代技术才让这场比赛热热闹闹，成就了参与者的自我提升。而且我相信，这一切有助于突破那些我们感兴趣的人类和技术冒险中的设限。
如果说在过去这种挑战可以给朋友们留下深刻的印象，那么今天的社交网络可以让整个地球的人都知道。在红牛等赞助商的支持下，这种共享创造力和开拓在全球各地呈螺旋式增长，不受条例的约束。
这将是我的结论：
- 中国已经推出了一项“雪计划”，致力于将3亿中国人带到滑雪场（当前世界滑雪运动参与者的4倍），以缩短和西方冬季体育发展一个世纪的差距。这要归功于有着世界上最大滑雪场的哈尔滨或上海;
- 当我们看到中国计划截止到2030年修建2万个航空休闲和航空运动基地时;
- 当我们看到跑步比赛（马拉松和越野跑）在5年内实现爆炸性增长，定期跑步者从2016年的34,000,000名增加到2018年的73,000,000名，其中30％是女性......
… 这些仅仅是一些例子。但是，这是一个非凡的杠杆，可以确保中国凭借对新技术和智能技术发展的雄心，成为未来户外运动发展和改造的主要参与者。
感谢大家的聆听。
谢谢大家。
WHAT IS THE PLACE OF RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY
IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF OUTDOOR SPORTS ?
Conference Serge Koenig
Ge wei ling dao, ge wei lai bin, da jia hao…
It is my honour to give a lecture for this new annual IMTA conference in Guiyang, with a relatively technical presentation according the general theme of the forum.
When we talk about mountain tourism, we have to talk about nature and outdoor sports. They are a decisive component, even emblematic and increasingly appreciated. Nature is indeed a great arena where everyone can freely invent its story, discover himself, search for his graal, reach « his Everest »…
Remember last April, when Xia Boyu, this 69-year-old Chinese, equipped with 2 mechanical legs prostheses, climbed the roof of the world at 8848m. The climber had already been a member of the 1975 Chinese national team on Everest when he lost his both feet by severe frostbite. " Climb Everest is my dream. I have to realize it. It also represents a personal challenge, a challenge of fate» he said to the medias after his human and technologic adventure.
It is this sports-tourism, or tourism-sports, which today I want to talk to you about, that research, modern and intelligent technologies, nanotechnology, biotechnology, computer sciences, cognitive etc… come to shake and even sublimate.
Because this development popularize outdoor sports initially reserved for specialized elites and push forward the boundaries of human performance. It expand our dreams until nourish science fiction fantasies. Human body in outdoor sports is indeed a laboratory where the fruit of research sometimes exceeds the imagination.
In the 1980’s in the Alps, I began my career as mountain guide. We were at that time like the last Indians with a rope as main equipment. The decisions were mainly based on intuition which could only be acquired with the experience of a assiduous mountain practice. It was this ability to listen and understand the nature, directly inherited from the elders, that the teachers of the National Ski and Mountaineering School at that time taught me in the guide training.
Since that time, what changes… A myriad of new technical aids have been created. Manufacturers invented a abundance of new materials, mechanisms, equipment, making the profession less physical, safer, different and certainly more accessible… but less intuitive as well.
Today, students at the National Ski and Mountaineering School are taught how to use satellite navigation systems, how to prepare their ascent on the screen of their computer, track and record the climbing route, optimize the using of interconnected instruments, increasingly sophisticated with their informations and data…
That makes it easier for the guide to live. To find the pass in bad weather is no longer done by listening to the 6th sense that only the sons of the mountain had developed ; it is enough today to follow the route prepared on the screen of the GPS which has effectively replaced the « animal compass ».
In this evolution which I experienced in a very practical way, where I perceived a form of conflict of the intelligences between that artificial, and that human-animal, I wondered whether we became "greater humans" thanks to the technologic devices? Or rather "diminished mens" potentially lost if these devices broke down?
In the mountaineering and Himalayism to which I belong, these developments have really promoted a « normalization of the exceptional ». The attendance figures and the success rates on Mount Everest (the Chomolangma) is a good example.
This mountain become a true symbol of extreme tourism, located on the border between China and Nepal, the most coveted because the highest. Measured in 1841, tried for 1st time in 1912, successful for 1st time in 1953.
35 years later, in 1988 with a rope companion, I had the privilege to reach the top; we were the 250-251st. The success rate at that time was 10%.
Another 20 years later, in 2010, more than 5,000 people had already attained the top since the 1st ascent, with a success rate that had risen to 40%. And in 2012, there was 56% success among the people who tried the climb in this year.
Since then, this exponential increasing of success continues, aided by equipment improvement that is ultra sophisticated, innovative, light (since the climber carries everything on his back). Protective clothing can even face the 8,000m in the winter time. Oxygen bottle weigh much less heavily for greater capacity, inhalers no longer freeze. Rescue equipment of 1st emergency such as hyperbaric bags saves lives in remote corners. Expedition organizations have been professionalized for commercial requirements where customers, who are no longer experienced mountaineers, are buying for high price a ascent success garantee.
The accurate follow-up of a local weather forecast is certainly one of the most important scientific advances for public accessibility on high summits. A meteorologist located in his office abroad communicate hour by hour his study for the best climbing windows to the expedition members in the mountain. Each climber get the information through his miniaturized satellite phone and plan his ascent according the weather.
We must remember that until the 1990’s, all of this did not exist, and, unable to predict the weather to come, every ascent attempt looked like a real poker gamble. At that time, it was even impossible to phone from the Himalayas because a satellite transmitting station weighed several tons and could obviously not be transported by yacks…
The climbers have therefore been able to take advantage of a vast field of technology, even the sporting elite, which remains very attached, for ethical and philosophical reasons, to minimizing external aid and the logistics of their expeditions. However, technical and scientific developments have directly allowed increasingly difficult sporting achievements.
All this poeple, sports elite, professionals and amateurs, customers… today shares the space on the summits. « Exploits hunters » are looking for the last windows to put their name in the history ; the younger, the oldest, the quicker, the 1st female, the 1st in winter, the 1st solo, the 1st to ski or paraglid down etc.
In this tourism-sporting evolution there was what I considere as a key step: It's when the mountain came to settle in the cities. Today, modern technologies allow to reproduce artificially natural environments. Such as the decompression chambers or hypoxic rooms that recreate the effects of high altitude with low level of O2 and which make it possible to prepare, physiologically, people for mountain expeditions and for sport competitions.
This facilities in the town allows to pedal or run under high altitude conditions and lead the body to produced itself erythropoïetine hormones (EPO) and red blood cells. It is a real acclimation, but in an artificial environment, that allows the one side to reduce the deadly risks of acute high mountain sickness, and on the other hand improve respiratory capacity and physical performance.
Such a preparation is for western climbers, as well as for Chinese of the plains, a way to catch up their physiological disadvantage with local highlanders, especialy Sherpas and Tibetans who are born, live and work between 3 and 5,000m high since ever. Their case is particularly interesting, since these people possess genetic characteristics specific to their ethnic groups, and are recognized by scientists as an example of natural mutation-selection ; a permanent natural doping.
In this logic of urban outdoor sports facilities, artificial climbing walls have proliferated. This movement is not limited to climbing. Scuba and free diving have risen from the ocean with the apnea pools. The parachuting and free fall came down from the sky with the windtunnels… We have the water kayak stadiums, the parks of artificial canyoning, surf waves, indoor ski, scating, BMX etc... Even buildings and roads are directly used for extrem sports. The city thus became a vast stadium of outdoor sports discovery and initiation…
And beyond, the city has become a real laboratory of invention and technical development of activities that are, paradoxically, nature outdoor and tourism sports… But it has really opened new perspectives, strongly increased the technical levels, multiplied the number of practitioners, encouraged the creation of new disciplines and variants of disciplines… which are so diverse and transversal today that they become difficult to put into categories.
If these sports in urban and artificial environments have become a full autonomous market, they also train and prepare citizen to experiment the same activities, but in real full nature ; a sort of a return to sources.
Nature, I don't teach you anything, is a increasing value in our over-secured, over-regulated, disneyland-maded sociaty. And in these new disciplines, the nature again becomes the scene in which every user can invent his story.
His story with the risks that go with, those related to the sporting aspects, and those related to the dangers inherent in the natural environments. So it's often question about mountain and sea where an important part of the game is to know how to avoid the accident through a subtle mixture of experience, sporting skills and technology equipments, by reducing the part of bad luck to its strict minimum.
Technologic advances thus make it possible today to perform gestures previously impossible, in places previously inaccessible, taking maximum of risks but with maximum of precautions.
In extrem sking in steep slopes, for example, the risk is twofold because the skier can fall down due to a fault, and the slope can collapse to an avalanche. However, the current analyzes skills of the snow can assess a degree of slope stability and the skier is equipped with a transmitter to be able to be found under the snow, as well as a airbag to bring him to stay on the surface of an avalanche…
Inventing new tools inevitably inspires new forms of thinking the human body, and of making new bodies.
The wingsuit is one of the best example of these futuristic practices, possible in this case thanks to a sharp technology in the aerodynamics of sport-suits, and who clearly changes the shape and profile of the body to achieve the ultimate freedom, that of flying like a bird.
They jump from top of cliffs, and fly as close to the mountain slope as possible at the speed of more than 200 km/h. Here is no any tolerance space to forgive a imperfect move.
Flying in wingsuit is something like playing virtual video game but it’s in fact réality ! And those who confuse both take of course a havy risk to burn their wings... because you can never win long time against probability.
But those who want fly, and do not want so high risk exposure (they represent the majority) can also practice wingsuiting and freefall by moving their personal cursor at the appropriate safety level… thanks to technologic assistance.
This people don't jump from cliffs but in aeroclubs. To step out from a Pilatus at 4,000m above the ground provides a security space to forgive a bad move. This flying is the same, even several wingsuiters together in very close formation, except instead of scratching the rocks, they play with the clouds that are much more fluffy if they touch them.
And here the users benefits from all the technologies developed for decades in skydiving. This sport has grown far beyond anything its pioneers could have ever imagined. This growth has raised the demand for the establishment of advanced safety protocols in drop zones around the world. Container systems, main and reserve parachutes and basic safety procedures have all made this sport safer for all its users.
A accident therefore occurs only after a real havy mistake or a succession of small nonsense. The activity thus ensures maximum of safety in the insecurity of the fall, and becomes accessible to a broad public.
Here 50 sec of flying movie in the Alps range, just possible thanks to a fabulous technologic growth.
So what motivates these tourist-athletes, or sport-tourists, to make control of danger the cardinal chili of their adventures?
I think I'm not mistaken by saying that well-tempered egos and a quest for recognition are strong stimulants in this profusion of sporting and/or technological actions, with great creativity, sometimes futuristic, sometimes eccentric, with the selfie or the gopro clip obviously put online.
Because again, it is the modern technologies that allow this competition to buzz, and this self-promotion of everyone's achievement. And I believe that it is all that who is helping to push forward the boundaries of the « impossible limits » in this human and technological adventure that interests us.
If, in the past, this kind of challenges was able to impress the friends circle, today social networks allow to irrigate instantly all the planet. And this spiral of shared creativities and exploits, without limits and rules, supported also by sponsors such as Redbull, is growing everywhere.
When we see, and this will be my conclusion:
- that China has launched a « snow plan » to bring 300 million Chinese to ski (4x the current world volume of skiers), to catch up a century of winter sports development in the Western thanks, in particular, to the world's largest ski domes technology in Harbin or Shanghai ;
- when we see that China plans 20,000 air-leisure and aero-sports bases until 2030;
- when we see that the race (marathons, trail-running) has literally exploded in 5 years from 34,000,000 regular runners in 2016 to a 2018 perspective of 73,000,000 which 30% womens…
… these are just examples. But are an extraordinary lever to ensure that China, with the ambitions for new and intelligent technologies developments, will become a major player in this societal movement of growing and reinvention of the outdoor sports of the future.
And there are fruitfull cooperation with France who is very productive in this field.
Thanks for your listening.
XieXie Da Jia！
